KINESIOL 2Y03 Human Anatomy And Physiology Assignment Sample McMaster University Canada

Kinesiology 2Y03 Assignment Answers: that covers human anatomy and physiology. KINESIOL 2Y03 Assessment Sample will focus on the structure and function of the major body systems, including the skeletal, muscular, respiratory, circulatory, and nervous systems. In addition, KINESIOL 2Y03 Assessment Answers will cover basic concepts of cell biology and histology. By the end of KINESIOL 2Y03 Assessment, students will have a thorough understanding of the structure and function of the human body.

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Assignment Task 1: Use anatomical terms to describe body structures, regions, relative positions and anatomical positions.

The body is divided into regions and structures. Structures are the smaller anatomical parts of the body, and regions are the larger divisions.

Structures can be further divided into relative positions, which describe how the part relates to the rest of the body, and anatomical positions, which describe where a part is in space.

There are three main relative positions: superior (above), inferior (below), and lateral (to the side). Superior refers to being closer to the head, inferior refers to being closer to the feet, and lateral refers to being away from median/midline.

There are three main anatomical positions: anterior (towards front), posterior (towards back), and medial (towards the midline).

Anterior refers to being closer to the front of the body, posterior refers to being closer to the back of the body, and medial refers to being towards the median/midline.

Assignment Activity 2: Explain homeostasis and how it is maintained in the body.

Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment. This is done by monitoring and regulating things like blood pH, body temperature, blood sugar levels, and oxygen levels.

The body does this by using a variety of feedback mechanisms. For example, when the body’s temperature begins to rise, sensors in the skin will send a signal to the brain telling it to release heat. When blood sugar levels begin to rise, the pancreas will release insulin to bring them back down. And when oxygen levels get too low, the brain will tell the lungs to take in more air.

These feedback mechanisms help to keep the body’s internal environment stable, even when things like temperature and blood sugar levels fluctuate. This is important because it allows the body to function properly.

Assignment Activity 3: Describe the anatomical and physiological changes that occur during embryonic development from conception to birth.

During embryonic development, the fertilized egg undergoes a series of changes that result in the formation of a baby.

Conception occurs when the sperm fertilizes the egg. This results in the formation of a zygote, which is a single cell that contains the genetic material from both the egg and the sperm.

The zygote then divides into a series of smaller cells, called blastomeres. These cells then begin to specialize, forming different tissues and organs.

As the embryo continues to develop, it goes through a series of transitions. The first transition occurs at around Day 16, when the embryo becomes a fetus. The fetus then continues to grow and develop until it is ready to be born.

During embryonic development, a variety of anatomical and physiological changes occur. For example, the heart begins to beat and the lungs begin to develop. The bones and muscles also begin to form, and the eyes and ears start to develop. By the end of embryonic development, the baby is fully formed and ready to be born.

Assignment Activity 4: Identify and describe the general characteristics, function, location and types of tissues found in the body.

The body is composed of four types of tissues: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

1. Epithelial tissues are thin and cover body surfaces. They have many functions such as protection, secretion, absorption and sensation. Examples include the skin, mucous membranes and the linings of organs.
2. Connective tissues bind and support other tissues in the body. They provide structural strength and protect against damage. Examples include bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments.
3. Muscle tissue is specialized to contract in order to produce movement. There are three types: skeletal muscle which is attached to bone and moves the skeleton; cardiac muscle which forms the heart wall and pumps blood throughout the body; smooth muscle which is found in the walls of internal organs and aids in movement.
4. Nervous tissue consists of neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit electrical impulses throughout the body. Nervous tissue is responsible for functions such as thinking, feeling and moving.

Assignment Activity 5: Describe the organization and physiology of the nervous system and the components of nervous tissue.

The nervous system is composed of two parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is responsible for functions such as thinking, feeling and moving. The spinal cord is a long, thin bundle of nerves that runs from the brain down the center of the back. It is responsible for carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body. This system is responsible for carrying messages to and from the central nervous system.

Nervous tissue is composed of neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit electrical impulses throughout the body. Nervous tissue is responsible for functions such as thinking, feeling and moving.

Assignment Activity 6: Identify the location, organization and function of key structures in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

The central nervous system is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is responsible for functions such as thinking, feeling and moving. The spinal cord is a long, thin bundle of nerves that runs from the brain down the center of the back. It is responsible for carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body.

The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body. This system is responsible for carrying messages to and from the central nervous system.

Key structures in the central nervous system include the cerebral cortex, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain and is responsible for higher functions such as thinking, feeling, and moving. The thalamus is a small structure in the center of the brain that acts as a relay station for incoming information from the body. The hypothalamus is a small region at the base of the brain that controls functions such as hunger, thirst, and body temperature.

Key structures in the peripheral nervous system include the dorsal root ganglia and the autonomic nervous system. The dorsal root ganglia are small, round structures located at the base of the spinal cord that contain sensory neurons. The autonomic nervous system is a network of nerves that controls involuntary functions such as heart rate and blood pressure.

Assignment Activity 7: Describe the physiology of nervous tissue and the conduction of action potentials.

Nervous tissue is made up of cells called neurons, which are specialized to carry electrical signals. These signals are called action potentials, and they are generated by the movement of ions across the cell membrane.

Ions are atoms that have gained or lost electrons, and thus have a net electric charge. When an action potential is generated, ions flow into or out of the cell, creating a change in electric potential across the cell membrane. This change in electric potential then spreads along the membrane, causing the action potential to travel along the neuron.

The conduction of an action potential requires three things: a source of ionic imbalance (called a depolarizing event), a conductance pathway for the ions to flow through, and a mechanism to restore the cell to its resting state (called a repolarizing event).

1. A depolarizing event occurs when there is a change in electric potential across the cell membrane that makes it more positive inside the cell. This can be caused by the opening of ion channels, or by the binding of certain molecules to the cell membrane.
2. A conductance pathway is a path that ions can flow through from one side of the cell membrane to the other. Ion channels are proteins that span the cell membrane and allow ions to flow through them.
3. A repolarizing event occurs when there is a change in electric potential across the cell membrane that makes it more negative inside the cell. This is caused by the closure of ion channels and the removal of molecules from the cell membrane.

After an action potential has been generated, the cell must return to its resting state. This is accomplished by the opening of potassium channels and the closing of sodium channels. Potassium ions flow out of the cell, and sodium ions flow into the cell, restoring the electric potential across the cell membrane to its resting state.

Assignment Activity 8: Identify the location, organization and function of key structures in the visual, auditory, balance, olfactory and gustatory systems.

The visual system is responsible for receiving and processing information from the eyes. The eyes are located in the front of the head, and they contain light-sensitive cells called rods and cones. These cells convert light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The auditory system is responsible for receiving and processing information from the ears. The ears are located on either side of the head, and they contain sound-sensitive cells called hair cells. These cells convert sound waves into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The balance system is responsible for maintaining equilibrium (balance) of the body. It is located in the inner ear and contains two types of cells: vestibular hair cells and otolith cells. These cells convert gravity and acceleration into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The olfactory system is responsible for receiving and processing information from the nose. The nose is located in the front of the head, and it contains scent-sensitive cells called olfactory receptors. These cells convert smells into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

The gustatory system is responsible for receiving and processing information from the tongue. The tongue is located in the mouth, and it contains taste-sensitive cells called taste buds. These cells convert tastes into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

Assignment Activity 9: Explain the physiology behind the sensory stimulation of the special senses and the connection to the central nervous system.

The special senses are the senses that are processed by the brain and include sight, hearing, balance, smell, and taste. The information from these senses is sent to the brain through electrical signals.

1. The eyes are responsible for sight and they contain light-sensitive cells called rods and cones. These cells convert light into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.
2. The ears are responsible for hearing and they contain sound-sensitive cells called hair cells. These cells convert sound waves into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.
3. The balance system is responsible for maintaining equilibrium (balance) of the body. It is located in the inner ear and contains two types of cells: vestibular hair cells and otolith cells. These cells convert gravity and acceleration into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.
4. The nose is responsible for smell and it contains scent-sensitive cells called olfactory receptors. These cells convert smells into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.
5. The tongue is responsible for taste and it contains taste-sensitive cells called taste buds. These cells convert tastes into electrical signals that are sent to the brain.

All of these senses are essential for survival and allow us to interact with our environment.

Assignment Activity 10: Identify the location, organization and function of key structures of the autonomic nervous system.

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is responsible for governing the body’s automatic or “unconscious” functions, such as heart rate, breathing, digestion, and pupillary dilation. It consists of two divisions: the sympathetic nervous system, which mobilizes the body’s resources in times of stress; and the parasympathetic nervous system, which subserves more rest-and-digest activities.

The ANS is located in the spinal cord and brainstem. The sympathetic nervous system arises from neurons in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord;the parasympathetic division emerges from cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem. Both divisions extend to nearly every organ and tissue in the body.

• The sympathetic nervous system is often referred to as the “fight-or-flight” system because it prepares the body for action in response to a perceived threat. It does this by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration; by dilating the pupils; by suppressing digestive activity; and by directing blood flow to skeletal muscles.
• The parasympathetic nervous system is sometimes called the “rest-and-digest” system because it promotes activities that are not essential for survival in times of stress. It does this by decreasing heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration; by constricting the pupils; by increasing digestive activity; and by directing blood flow to the digestive tract and other organs.

Both divisions of the autonomic nervous system act together to maintain homeostasis, or balance, in the body.

Assignment Activity 11: Describe the function, histology, structure, types, and formation of bone and bone tissue.

Bone is a hard, dense tissue that makes up the skeleton of the body. It is composed of living cells embedded in an inorganic matrix of minerals. There are two types of bone tissue: compact and cancellous.

• Compact bone tissue is the hard, outer layer of bone that protects and supports the softer tissues inside. It is composed of tightly packed cells called osteocytes, which are connected by a network of tiny pores.
• Cancellous bone tissue is the spongy, inner layer of bone that is filled with blood vessels and marrow. It is composed of loosely packed cells called osteocytes, which are connected by a network of larger pores.

Bone tissue is formed by two processes: intramembranous and endochondral ossification.

• Intramembranous ossification is the process by which bone tissue is formed from sheets of connective tissue. This type of ossification occurs in the flat bones of the skull, as well as in the clavicle (collarbone) and the mandible (jawbone).
• Endochondral ossification is the process by which bone tissue is formed from cartilage. This type of ossification occurs in long bones, such as the femur (thighbone), as well as in short bones, such as the carpals (wrist bones) and the tarsals (ankle bones).

Bone is a living tissue that is constantly being remodeled. This process of bone turnover helps to keep the skeleton strong and healthy. When bone is damaged or breaks, special cells called osteoblasts are activated to repair the damage. Osteoblasts deposit new bone material, while osteoclasts break down and remove old bone material. This process of bone remodeling is essential for maintaining the strength and integrity of the skeleton.

Assignment Activity 12: Identify the bones and prominent surface features of the axial and appendicular skeleton.

The human skeleton is divided into two parts: the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

The axial skeleton includes the bones of the head, neck, and trunk. The bones of the head include the skull, which houses the brain; the facial bones, which form the face; and the ear bones, which support the sense of hearing. The bones of the neck include the vertebrae, which protect the spinal cord; the ribs, which protect the lungs; and the sternum, which provides attachment for the ribs. The bones of the trunk include the vertebrae, which protect the spinal cord; the ribs, which protect the lungs; and the sternum, which provides attachment for the ribs.

The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the arms and legs. The bones of the arm include the humerus, which forms the upper arm; the ulna, which forms the forearm; and the radius, which also forms the forearm. The bones of the leg include the femur, which forms the thigh; the tibia, which forms the shin; and the fibula, which also forms the shin.

The human skeleton provides support and protection for the body, as well as a framework for movement. The bones of the skeleton are connected to each other by joints, which allow for movement. The muscles of the body are attached to the bones by tendons, which allow the muscles to move the bones.

The human skeleton is a complex and fascinating structure. It is constantly changing and adapting to the needs of the body. The study of the skeleton can provide insight into the evolution of humans and other animals, as well as the function of the skeletal system.

Assignment Activity 13: Describe the classifications of joints and their associated movements.

There are three main types of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.

1. Fibrous joints are held together by tough fibers called collagen. These types of joints do not allow for much movement. Examples of fibrous joints include the sutures of the skull and the gomphoses of the teeth.
2. Cartilaginous joints are held together by a type of connective tissue called cartilage. Cartilage is a tough, flexible material that allows for some movement. Examples of cartilaginous joints include the symphases of the vertebrae and the pubic symphysis.
3. Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. They are held together by a type of connective tissue called a synovial membrane. This type of joint allows for a wide range of movement. Examples of synovial joints include the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints.

Joints can be classified according to their structure or function. Structural classification is based on the type of tissue that forms the joint. Functional classification is based on the type of movement that the joint allows. Joints can also be classified as immovable, slightly movable, or freely movable.

The type of joint determines the range of motion that is possible. Some joints, such as the shoulder and hip joints, allow for a wide range of motion. Other joints, such as the elbow and knee joints, allow for a limited range of motion. Still other joints, such as the vertebrae, do not allow for any movement.

Assignment Activity 14: Describe the structure and histology of skeletal muscle tissue.

Skeletal muscle tissue is a type of connective tissue that is composed of cells called muscle fibers. Muscle fibers are long, cylindrical cells that are arranged in parallel bundles. Each muscle fiber is surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue called the sarcolemma. The sarcolemma is connected to other muscle fibers by proteins called desmosomes.

The muscle fibers are held together by a type of connective tissue called the endomysium. The endomysium is a network of collagen fibers that surrounds each individual muscle fiber.

The muscle fibers are also connected to each other by proteins called gap junctions. Gap junctions allow for the transmission of electrical signals between muscle fibers.

The sarcolemma is also connected to tendons by proteins called gap junctions. Tendons are composed of a type of connective tissue called collagen. Collagen is a tough, fibrous protein that provides strength and flexibility.

Skeletal muscle tissue is innervated by nerves. Nerves are composed of a type of cell called a neuron. Neurons are cells that conduct electrical impulses. The electrical impulses travel from the nerve cells to the muscle cells and cause the muscles to contract.

Skeletal muscle tissue is also supplied with blood by arteries. Arteries are composed of a type of cell called an endothelial cell. Endothelial cells are cells that line the blood vessels.

Assignment Activity 15: Explain the sliding filament model and the physiology of skeletal muscle fibers, including the neuromuscular junction, excitation-contraction coupling and cross-bridge action.

The sliding filament model is a theory that explains how skeletal muscle fibers contract. According to this model, when a muscle fiber is stimulated by a nerve impulse, the sarcomeres of the myofilaments slide past each other. This action causes the muscle fiber to shorten and results in contraction.

The physiology of skeletal muscle fibers is complex and involves a number of different processes. One of these processes is excitation-contraction coupling. Excitation-contraction coupling is the process by which a muscle fiber is stimulated to contract in response to an electrical impulse. This process begins at the neuromuscular junction, where the nerve cell and muscle cell meet. When an electrical impulse travels down the nerve cell, it reaches the neuromuscular junction. This impulse causes the release of a chemical called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that binds to receptors on the muscle cell and causes the cell to depolarize.

The depolarization of the muscle cell triggers a series of events that lead to the contraction of the muscle fiber. These events are collectively known as the cross-bridge cycle. The cross-bridge cycle begins with the release of calcium ions from storage sites in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The calcium ions bind to proteins called troponin and tropomyosin, which are located on the actin filaments.

The binding of calcium ions to troponin and tropomyosin causes the proteins to change shape. This change in shape exposes the active sites on the actin filaments.

Cross-bridges then form between the myosin head groups and the active sites on the actin filaments. The formation of cross-bridges causes the myosin head groups to pivot and pull on the actin filaments. This action results in the sliding of the filaments past each other and the contraction of the muscle fiber.

The cross-bridge cycle is then repeated over and over again until the muscle fiber relaxes. The relaxation of the muscle fiber is brought about by the removal of calcium ions from the sarcoplasm. The removal of calcium ions causes troponin and tropomyosin to change shape and the myosin head groups to detach from the actin filaments.

The physiology of skeletal muscle fibers is a complex process that is essential for the proper function of these cells. Without this process, skeletal muscle fibers would not be able to contract and we would not be able to move.

Assignment Activity 16: Explain muscle force production, contraction types and fiber types.

Muscle force production is the process by which muscles generate the force needed to produce movement. This process is essential for the proper function of skeletal muscle fibers.

There are two types of contraction that can occur in skeletal muscle fibers: isotonic and isometric. Isotonic contractions occur when the muscle fiber shortens as it contracts. Isometric contractions occur when the muscle fiber contracts without changing length.

There are three types of skeletal muscle fibers: slow-twitch, fast-twitch, and intermediate. Slow-twitch fibers are designed for endurance and are used for activities such as walking and running. Fast-twitch fibers are designed for explosive movements and are used for activities such as sprinting and jumping. Intermediate fibers are a mix of the two and are used for activities such as swimming.

Assignment Activity 17: Identify and describe the general action of key skeletal muscles of the head and neck, vertebral column, thoracic region, abdominal wall, scapula, shoulder, upper limb, hip and lower limb.

The muscles of the head and neck include the trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and levator scapulae. The trapezius is a large, triangular muscle that extends from the base of the skull to the middle of the back. It is responsible for depressing, retracting, and rotating the scapula. The sternocleidomastoid is a long, thin muscle that extends from the sternum to the clavicle. It is responsible for flexing the head and neck. The levator scapulae is a long, thin muscle that extends from the cervical spine to the scapula. It is responsible for elevating the scapula.

The muscles of the vertebral column include the erector spinae, iliocostalis, longissimus, and spinalis. The erector spinae is a large muscle group that extends along the length of the vertebral column. It is responsible for extending and rotating the spine. The iliocostalis is a long, thin muscle that extends from the lower ribs to the vertebrae. It is responsible for flexing the spine. The longissimus is a long, thin muscle that extends from the lower ribs to the vertebrae. It is responsible for extending and rotating the spine. The spinalis is a long, thin muscle that extends from the vertebrae to the pelvis. It is responsible for flexing the spine.

The muscles of the thoracic region include the pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and serratus anterior. The pectoralis major is a large muscle that extends from the sternum to the humerus. It is responsible for flexing and adducting the arm. The latissimus dorsi is a large muscle that extends from the lower back to the humerus. It is responsible for extending, adducting, and rotating the arm. The serratus anterior is a long, thin muscle that extends from the ribs to the scapula. It is responsible for stabilizing the scapula.

The muscles of the abdominal wall include the rectus abdominis, external oblique, and internal oblique. The rectus abdominis is a long, thin muscle that extends along the length of the abdomen. It is responsible for flexing the spine. The external oblique is a large muscle that extends from the lower ribs to the pelvis. It is responsible for flexing and rotating the spine. The internal oblique is a large muscle that extends from the lower ribs to the pelvis. It is responsible for flexing and rotating the spine.

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